Salience of Greater Poland Polish phonological variables

Kamil Kaźmierski & Karolina Baranowska
Faculty of English at AMU in Poznań

51st Poznań Linguistic Meeting :: September 8th, 2022

kamil.kazmierski@amu.edu.pl; karolina.baranowska@amu.edu.pl
Slides available at: kazmierski-baranowska-plm2022.netlify.app

1 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Introduction

2 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Introduction

Variable	%	Raw
Nasal assimilation	71	37/52
Pre-sonorant voicing	42	301/723
Nasal stopping	25	80/323
czy-trzy merger	23	21/92
Pre-j /ɛ/ raising	13	40/307
Voicing retention in /v/	4	3/67
Prothetic /w/	0	0/400
śmy voicing	0	0/20

Kul, M, Zydorowicz, P, Kaźmierski, K. "The Greater Poland Spoken Corpus. Data Collection, Structure and Application".

3 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Introduction

Variable	%	Raw
Nasal assimilation	71	37/52
Pre-sonorant voicing	42	301/723
Nasal stopping	25	80/323
czy-trzy merger	23	21/92
Pre-j /ɛ/ raising	13	40/307
Voicing retention in /v/	4	3/67
Prothetic /w/	0	0/400
śmy voicing	0	0/20

Kul, M, Zydorowicz, P, Kaźmierski, K. "The Greater Poland Spoken Corpus. Data Collection, Structure and Application".

4 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variablesNasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k]  → [ŋ+k]  
5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variables

Nasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k] → [ŋ+k]
Pre-sonorant voicing: rzut oka [t#ɔ] → [d#ɔ]

5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variables

Nasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k] → [ŋ+k]
Pre-sonorant voicing: rzut oka [t#ɔ] → [d#ɔ]
Nasal stopping: twoją [ɔw̃] → [ɔm]

5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variables

Nasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k] → [ŋ+k]
Pre-sonorant voicing: rzut oka [t#ɔ] → [d#ɔ]
Nasal stopping: twoją [ɔw̃] → [ɔm]
czy-trzy merger: trzecie: [ t͡ʂʂ ] → [ t͡ʂ ]

5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variables

Nasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k] → [ŋ+k]
Pre-sonorant voicing: rzut oka [t#ɔ] → [d#ɔ]
Nasal stopping: twoją [ɔw̃] → [ɔm]
czy-trzy merger: trzecie: [ t͡ʂʂ ] → [ t͡ʂ ]

No merger: czy [ t͡ʂɨ ] ≠ trzy [ t͡ʂʂɨ ]
Merger: czy [ t͡ʂɨ ] = trzy [ t͡ʂɨ ]

5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Sociolinguistics of nasal vowels: Nasal stopping

Baranowska, K & Kaźmierski, K. 2020. "Polish word-final nasal vowels: Variation and, potentially, change." Sociolinguistic Studies

6 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Sociolinguistics of nasal vowels: Denasalization (5th)

idę [ɛw̃] → [ɛ]

Baranowska, K & Kaźmierski, K. 2020. "Polish word-final nasal vowels: Variation and, potentially, change." Sociolinguistic Studies

7 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Salience:

“[attribution of] non-specialist belief about and reaction to language use, structure, diversification, history, and status”

(Preston 2011: 10)

8 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Salience:

“[attribution of] non-specialist belief about and reaction to language use, structure, diversification, history, and status”

(Preston 2011: 10)

Levels of salience (Labov 1972): indicators < markers < stereotypes

8 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Research questionsRQ1: Which of the five variables of Greater Poland Polish can be regarded as indicators, markers, and stereotypes?RQ2: Is there any relationship between speakers’ overt judgments and their productions?9 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

MethodParticipants65 students living in Greater Poland
42 women and 23 men
aged between 19 and 46

ProcedureQuestionnaire
Production study: 4 items x 5 variables, word list
Perception study: 4 items x 5 variables x 2 variants

10 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Results11 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Categorization

12 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Categorization

13 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Categorization

$b$ = 0.05, $p$ = 0.01 for age; $b$ = -0.05, $p$ = 0.02 for age:variant

14 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Categorization: Agreement

15 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Production

16 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Pre-sonorant voicing :: by-item variation

17 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Production vs. perception

18 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

most participants in bottom right-hand half of each plot (below diagonal)
they judged the non-standard variant as correct more often than they produced it themselves
the few above the diagonal produced non-standard forms more often than they judged them as correct
e.g. one participant produced nasal stopping in all tokens, but judged only one out of four as correct

ConclusionPre-sonorant voicing and nasal assimilation :: indicatorsPre-sonorant voicing produced quite often, even in this formal setting

czy-trzy merger and nasal stopping :: stereotypes
Denasalization :: in-between status, though not really a marker

19 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Thank you!

Perception

Production

kamil.kazmierski@amu.edu.pl

karolina.baranowska@amu.edu.pl

20 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Help

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Salience of Greater Poland Polish phonological variables

Kamil Kaźmierski & Karolina Baranowska
Faculty of English at AMU in Poznań

51st Poznań Linguistic Meeting :: September 8th, 2022

kamil.kazmierski@amu.edu.pl; karolina.baranowska@amu.edu.pl
Slides available at: kazmierski-baranowska-plm2022.netlify.app

1 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Introduction

2 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Introduction

Variable	%	Raw
Nasal assimilation	71	37/52
Pre-sonorant voicing	42	301/723
Nasal stopping	25	80/323
czy-trzy merger	23	21/92
Pre-j /ɛ/ raising	13	40/307
Voicing retention in /v/	4	3/67
Prothetic /w/	0	0/400
śmy voicing	0	0/20

Kul, M, Zydorowicz, P, Kaźmierski, K. "The Greater Poland Spoken Corpus. Data Collection, Structure and Application".

3 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Introduction

Variable	%	Raw
Nasal assimilation	71	37/52
Pre-sonorant voicing	42	301/723
Nasal stopping	25	80/323
czy-trzy merger	23	21/92
Pre-j /ɛ/ raising	13	40/307
Voicing retention in /v/	4	3/67
Prothetic /w/	0	0/400
śmy voicing	0	0/20

Kul, M, Zydorowicz, P, Kaźmierski, K. "The Greater Poland Spoken Corpus. Data Collection, Structure and Application".

4 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variablesNasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k]  → [ŋ+k]  
5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variables

Nasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k] → [ŋ+k]
Pre-sonorant voicing: rzut oka [t#ɔ] → [d#ɔ]

5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variables

Nasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k] → [ŋ+k]
Pre-sonorant voicing: rzut oka [t#ɔ] → [d#ɔ]
Nasal stopping: twoją [ɔw̃] → [ɔm]

5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variables

Nasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k] → [ŋ+k]
Pre-sonorant voicing: rzut oka [t#ɔ] → [d#ɔ]
Nasal stopping: twoją [ɔw̃] → [ɔm]
czy-trzy merger: trzecie: [ t͡ʂʂ ] → [ t͡ʂ ]

5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

4 variables

Nasal assimilation: panienka [n̪+k] → [ŋ+k]
Pre-sonorant voicing: rzut oka [t#ɔ] → [d#ɔ]
Nasal stopping: twoją [ɔw̃] → [ɔm]
czy-trzy merger: trzecie: [ t͡ʂʂ ] → [ t͡ʂ ]

No merger: czy [ t͡ʂɨ ] ≠ trzy [ t͡ʂʂɨ ]
Merger: czy [ t͡ʂɨ ] = trzy [ t͡ʂɨ ]

5 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Sociolinguistics of nasal vowels: Nasal stopping

Baranowska, K & Kaźmierski, K. 2020. "Polish word-final nasal vowels: Variation and, potentially, change." Sociolinguistic Studies

6 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Sociolinguistics of nasal vowels: Denasalization (5th)

idę [ɛw̃] → [ɛ]

Baranowska, K & Kaźmierski, K. 2020. "Polish word-final nasal vowels: Variation and, potentially, change." Sociolinguistic Studies

7 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Salience:

“[attribution of] non-specialist belief about and reaction to language use, structure, diversification, history, and status”

(Preston 2011: 10)

8 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Salience:

“[attribution of] non-specialist belief about and reaction to language use, structure, diversification, history, and status”

(Preston 2011: 10)

Levels of salience (Labov 1972): indicators < markers < stereotypes

8 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Research questionsRQ1: Which of the five variables of Greater Poland Polish can be regarded as indicators, markers, and stereotypes?RQ2: Is there any relationship between speakers’ overt judgments and their productions?9 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

MethodParticipants65 students living in Greater Poland
42 women and 23 men
aged between 19 and 46

ProcedureQuestionnaire
Production study: 4 items x 5 variables, word list
Perception study: 4 items x 5 variables x 2 variants

10 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Results11 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Categorization

12 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Categorization

13 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Categorization

$b$ = 0.05, $p$ = 0.01 for age; $b$ = -0.05, $p$ = 0.02 for age:variant

14 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Categorization: Agreement

15 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Production

16 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Pre-sonorant voicing :: by-item variation

17 / 20

🧔🏻‍♂️ Kamil

Production vs. perception

18 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

most participants in bottom right-hand half of each plot (below diagonal)
they judged the non-standard variant as correct more often than they produced it themselves
the few above the diagonal produced non-standard forms more often than they judged them as correct
e.g. one participant produced nasal stopping in all tokens, but judged only one out of four as correct

ConclusionPre-sonorant voicing and nasal assimilation :: indicatorsPre-sonorant voicing produced quite often, even in this formal setting

czy-trzy merger and nasal stopping :: stereotypes
Denasalization :: in-between status, though not really a marker

19 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Thank you!

Perception

Production

kamil.kazmierski@amu.edu.pl

karolina.baranowska@amu.edu.pl

20 / 20

👱‍♀️ Karolina

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

4 variables

4 variables

4 variables

4 variables

4 variables

Sociolinguistics of nasal vowels: Nasal stopping

Sociolinguistics of nasal vowels: Denasalization (5th)

Salience:

“[attribution of] non-specialist belief about and reaction to language use, structure, diversification, history, and status”

Salience:

“[attribution of] non-specialist belief about and reaction to language use, structure, diversification, history, and status”

Levels of salience (Labov 1972): indicators < markers < stereotypes

Research questions

RQ1: Which of the five variables of Greater Poland Polish can be regarded as indicators, markers, and stereotypes?

RQ2: Is there any relationship between speakers’ overt judgments and their productions?

Method

Results

Categorization

Categorization

Categorization

Categorization: Agreement

Production

Pre-sonorant voicing :: by-item variation

Production vs. perception

Conclusion

Thank you!

Perception

Production

Introduction

Help

“Salience of Greater Poland Polish phonological variables”

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

4 variables

4 variables

4 variables

4 variables

4 variables

Sociolinguistics of nasal vowels: Nasal stopping

Sociolinguistics of nasal vowels: Denasalization (5th)

Salience:

“[attribution of] non-specialist belief about and reaction to language use, structure, diversification, history, and status”

Salience:

“[attribution of] non-specialist belief about and reaction to language use, structure, diversification, history, and status”

Levels of salience (Labov 1972): indicators < markers < stereotypes

Research questions

RQ1: Which of the five variables of Greater Poland Polish can be regarded as indicators, markers, and stereotypes?

RQ2: Is there any relationship between speakers’ overt judgments and their productions?

Method

Results

Categorization

Categorization

Categorization

Categorization: Agreement

Production

Pre-sonorant voicing :: by-item variation

Production vs. perception

Conclusion

Thank you!

Perception

Production